Teaching Language Acquisition For English As Additional...

Introduction Language empowers a child to express his thoughts and desires, achieve his goals, and form relationships with others. It plays a crucial role in the cognitive, social and emotional development of the child (Berk, 2009). This report will discuss a range of pedagogical practices to support language acquisition for English as Additional Language children in context of early childhood education in Aotearoa New Zealand. Languages in Aotearoa. According to Statistics New Zealand 2013, 25.3% people living in New Zealand are born overseas. This indicates the diversity of ethnicity, culture, and language spoken by the people in New Zealand. Statistics confirm that there are there are more than twenty- five spoken languages in New Zealand; and 90% speakers communicate in English, making it the top spoken language in Aotearoa (Internal Affairs: Te Taari Taiwhenua, n.d.). Given that Aotearoa is a land of diverse cultures, ethnicity and languages and English is the universal language of communication; everyone is urged to learn it. Therefore, the early childhood educators in Aotearoa shoulder the responsibility for English acquisition in children in the early childhood settings who cannot speak or understand the language. Te WhÄ riki (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996, is the bicultural early childhood curriculum of Aotearoa guides the early childhood educators to provide multiple opportunities for children â€Å"to develop knowledge and understanding of the cultural heritages ofShow MoreRelatedLanguage Acquisition Theories : Behaviorism, Linguistic Nativism, Social Interactionism, And Neurobiological Perspective1580 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent language acquisition theories: behaviorism, linguistic nativism, social interactionism, and the neurobiological perspective. According to Christie and Enz (2011), behaviorist insinuates that nurturing, which is the way a child is taught or sculpted by parents and the surroundings, plays a principal position in children’s language advancement. The nativist perspective is the opposite of the behaviorist perspective; nativists believe every child has an innate ability to ascertain language andRead MoreLanguage Acquisition Is A Theory Created By St ephen Krashen826 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage acquisition is a theory created by Stephen Krashen pertaining â€Å"to the acquisition of the linguistic rules of language† (Manitoba, 2006, p. 14). Krashen agreed that humans are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to â€Å"acquire the rules of language† automatically as long as they have â€Å"a plentiful supply of comprehensible input† (Manitoba, 2006, p. 14). Acquisition will inevitably occur if learners are exposed to a sufficient quantity of linguistic messages that theyRead MoreLanguage Acquisition Is The Goal Of Both European And American Educational Systems Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage acquisition is the goal of both European and American educational systems. There are differences in approach between the two systems that create a discrepancy in the effectiveness of the education. The American system bases the need for dual language learning on need of students to learn English and the advantages of a second language for well-off students and usually ends by late elementary school. European schools base their entire school system on dual language for all students fromRead MoreChronological Background To Eal Teaching In Schools. Discussion950 Words   |  4 PagesChronological background to EAL teaching in schools Discussion of inclusion and integration of different cultures. This literature review will be organised in chronological order. Firstly, the historical background for research that has taken place into data found from a school census will be considered. Secondly, the current context which research is situated in English schools related to English as an Additional language will be discussed. Thirdly, key terminology will be defined that will beRead MoreTeaching And Learning Process Integrated With Technology931 Words   |  4 PagesReview of Literature Teaching and learning process integrated with technology is not uncommon in this era of teaching. The possibility of providing learners with authentic material is one of the fundamental reasons why technology is brought to classroom settings (Khaeruddin, 2012). Technology can be used to enhance learners learning experience in almost every aspect of English language. Compared to the material in textbooks and traditional language classroom, authentic materials provide broader optionRead MoreHuman Language Is A Wonderful Way With Communicate1420 Words   |  6 PagesHuman language is a wonderful way to communicate. Sometimes I think what this world would be like with any languages. It is even more wonderful that in three fast short years a child can hear, mimic, explore, practice, and, learn language. There is no genetic thing that leads a child to speak English or Spanish or any other language. Language is something person has be to learned. We are born with the capacity to make 40 sounds and our genetics allows our brain to make differences between soundsRead MoreDiscuss How Children with English as an Additional Language (Eal) Can Be Included Within the Daily Mathematics Lesson636 Words   |  3 Pageshow children with English as an Additional Language (EAL) can be included within the daily mathematics lesson 1906833 Table of Contents Front Cover 1 Essay: Part I: discussion: how children with eal can be included in the daily mathematics lesson.. 3-10 Part II: lesson plan to incorporate stategies for eal learners†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦11-15 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16-17 Appendix 18 E.A.L. stands for English, as an Additional Language. It isRead MoreTeaching And Learning Language At Early Ages1811 Words   |  8 Pages Introducing English as a Second Language to Early Primary School Curriculum in Saudi Arabia Candidacy Exam Salwa Alkhuzay @02686337 znzr@iup.edu solly440@gmail.com 412-706-1122 Abstract Teaching and learning language at early ages is easier than learning it at older ages as Chiswick Miller, (2007) emphasized in their study that proficiency in spoken English decreases with age. With that notion in mind, it comes as a surprise that the English language is introduced so lateRead MoreBasic Language Skills and Language Acquisition and Development845 Words   |  3 PagesPERSONAL REFLECTION AND EXPERIENCE ON BASIC LANGUAGE SKILL USAGE As an education student currently pursuing the I.T. (Information Technology ) Education bachelors degree program, this program has brought to light various issues I had not been aware of regarding language acquisition and development. It is now, with this knowledge, easier to see the language development and acquisition path that I have been subconsciously on. As a child, up until 4 or 5 years old, I lived in MalawiRead MoreEnglish Child Diversity1361 Words   |  6 Pagesthis diversity of the children and families that they serve (Ministry of Education[MoE], 1996; Noonan, 2010). There are many children who start child-care/kindergarten for whom English is not their first/home language (Clarke, 2009). Early childhood professionals working with these children need to actively respond to their needs ensuring that the best support is provided to them with respect to learning and development while fostering and supporting their identity, language and culture (MoE, 2017)

The War Of The Cold War - 2534 Words

Since the end of the Cold War, the total amount of wars has declined sharply compared to those that occurred during the cold war period. According to Baylis et al. the 1990’s were the least violent decade since the end of World War II. Along with the striking decline of wars, lie a new form of state cooperation, one which theorists call the Democratic Peace Theory. This theory holds that while democracies do go to war that they do not fight each other. In essence, in a region where all democratic countries exist, war will become nonexistent. However, along with the Democratic peace theory are other theories within the theory of Realism that pose great reasons for the causes of war. On the same note, we see new conflicts arising in the form of terrorism taking up the new image of wars. So despite the overall commendable decline of wars, wars continue to persevere in certain regions of the world where it is exhibiting new features. As a result, I agree with Joll’s argumen t that most wars have many intertwining causes especially in this day and era where most of the conflicts and all wars current are as a result of an ethnic clash often linking to religion. (Baylis et al. 2011). These new features can be attributed to Globalization which has brought with it, the collapse of traditional cleavages such as class and ideology, as a result war has been induced by culture and identity clashes. According to Baylis et al. â€Å"globalization has weakened the national forms of identity thatShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a state of political and military tension stemming from World War II fought primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the start and end dates of the Cold War are frequently disputed over, it is generally accepted that the conflict started at the conclusion of the Second World War and stemmed from the social climate and lingering tensions in Europe and the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union and the United States. Along with economic separationRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesOne major war ended and another to begin. The Cold wa r lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the United States and Soviet Union. However, billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost. The United States emerged as the greatest power from World War 2. (Give Me Liberty 896) The country boasted about having the most powerful navy and air force. The United states accounted for about half of the world’s manufacturing capacity, which it alone created the atomic bombRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War886 Words   |  4 Pagesin an infamous battle against ideologies: The Cold War. Even though war took place during this time, both powers were not involved in battle directly, hence the name cold war. The war mainly consisted of assumed and implied threats of nuclear attacks and political control over states in Europe. Even before 1945, the beginning of the Cold War, tension brewed between the U.S and the U.S.S.R. Both sides had differing views on Europe s state after the war. For instance, programs li ke the Marshall PlanRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War757 Words   |  4 PagesAs tensions continued to augment profoundly throughout the latter half of the Cold War period, they brought forth a movement from a previous bipolar conflicting course, to one of a more multipolar nature. These tensions were now not only restricted to the Soviet Union and United states, but amongst multiple other nations of the globe. It became a general consensus that a notion of ‘peace’ was sought globally, hence, the emergence of dà ©tente. The nature of this idea in the short term conveyed itselfRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War961 Words   |  4 Pages1945, beginning year of the Cold War. The development of cold war just started after the end of world War ||. The cold war was the result of conflict between two powerful country Soviet Union and United State. The war was regarding to the lead the world after the World War ||. The Soviet Union wanted to emerge its power to the world and so do the United States too. The research paper mainly focused on various reasons of opposition of two great power of the world Soviets and United States of AmericaRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1737 Words   |  7 Pages Cold War The Cold War, which is often dated from 1945 to 1989, was a constant state of political and military tension between powers in the West, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the East, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. The development of Nuclear Weapons and long range shooting missiles by the United States gave a lot of fear and caused mass destruction. The Cold War came about after World War II when America used their atomic bombsRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War consist of tensions between the Soviets and the U.S. vying for dominance, and expansion throughout the world. Their complete different ideologies and vision of the postwar prevented them from working together. Stalin wants to punish Germany and make them pay outrageous sum of money for reparation. However, Truman has a different plan than Stalin. Truman believes that industrialization and democracy in Germany and throughout th e world would ensure postwar stability. Stalin also wantedRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War942 Words   |  4 PagesFeelings Do Matter At the close of World War Two in 1945, the United States entered another kind of war, the Cold War, which did not involve two adversaries in open battle fields using bullets against the Soviet Union. Throughout the Cold War, incidents fueled feelings of anxiety, mistrust and pride. Often pride is defined as â€Å"a feeling that you are more important or better than other people† (Pride). Mistrust on the other hand is the â€Å"feeling that someone is not honest and cannot be trusted†,Read MoreThe War Of The Cold War1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. learned greatly after having been declared the victor of the Cold War. Retired four-star U.S. Army general Colin Powell said, â€Å"The long bitter years of the Cold War are over. America and her allies have won; totally, decisively, and overwhelmingly† (Reed 343). The Cold War started after World War II in 1947 and ended in 1991. The U.S. underwent a political war with the Soviet Union in hopes of advancing more rapidly in certain fields, such as nuclear weapons and space crafts. Avoiding nuclearRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1244 Words   |  5 PagesBoos echoed throughout the streets of Harlem, New York in great waves of disapproval. Hippies holding up signs supporting peace, and posters opposing the Vietnam War, otherwise known as the Cold War, greeted the tired and injured soldiers. The familiarity of their hometown created a sense of peace and warmth, despite the angry cries of protest from the enraged nonconformists. As loved ones embraced their fighters, chants of outrage broke out from the hippies, and the soldiers, relieved to be home

Business Ethics Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction The present reflective journal will suggest the effectiveness of the human resource management in an organization. There are many resources found in the different companies irrespective of the purpose of the business. However, it can be concluded that out of all the resources of the organizations, the notion of the human resource management is one of the vital resources. There are certain organizational aims and objectives. Depending upon the nature of the business the management determines the goals and objectives of the organizations. The role of the human resource management contributes one of the significant portions of the process of achieving and accomplishing the common organizational goals and objectives. The study is supported by different working experience in various Australian Organization. The overall discussion will focus on what are the key factors, which will analyze the effectiveness of human resource management while organizing a business in the 21st century. Completing the work with the help of the employees is one of the most challenging of the managers (Baggini 2012). Business exists in a dynamic environment, which is changing and fluctuating on a frequent basis. The managers need to perform a continuous process in the decision-making activities of the business. HRM policies plays a very important part in the organization to develop programs, policies, strategic planning and meet the expectations of the stakeholders (Bohlander and Snell 2013). Human capital is the overall study is classified into four crucial parts, which includes the application of human resource management in Australia, strategic HRM practices and policies, recruitment, and selection process of the different Australian organization, and managing diversity and work-life balance is the three es sential points, which will be analyzed, in the overall study. Human Resource Management in Australia Australia is one of the developed countries across the word. There are different kinds of job opportunities, which this particular country provides. The country maintains an active as well as a proper GDP growth rate. However, this part of the study will summarize the conceptual foundations of the HRM practices and policies, which will talk about the roles, and activities of a companys human resource function. However, there are certain challenges which different organization in Australia faces while developing a proper human resource management in the organization. Selecting the best measures among the various kinds of alternatives is one of the most crucial jobs of the human resource managers in Australia (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). In this part of the assignment, there are three important points which need, which will emphasize in the development process of a proper HRM in the organization. Human resource management, strategic HRM practices and policies, and talent manag ement are the three essential points, which will analyze the effect of human resource management in the organization. The application of a proper strategic human resource management will ensure various organizations in Australia to follow different kinds of roles and activities. To accomplish the common goals and activities of the management, a different manager tries to implement different types of managerial strategies. Some of the key points, which are included in the overall process of developing a proper strategic HRM, include industrial relations, job analysis and designs, human resource planning, recruitment and selection strategies, performance management, compensation and rewards and measuring and evaluating Human resources. These are some of the steps which different organization performs in the process of developing a strategic human resource practice for the accomplishment of the common goals and activities. Now we will conclude about what are the different kinds of theoretical perspective of effective HRM policies of the organization. I feel that there are three essential parameters in the theoretical aspect of the HRM policies, which includes behavioral view, resource-based view, and political influence. However, it can be concluded in the study about what are the different kinds of measures, which Australian workplace follows in the process of implementing overall policies of HRM, the management (Dessler 2013). Ethnic diversity in the company, value of the employees, structure of the economy, skill deficiencies, changes in the employment contract in the company, and changes in the place of work, legislation, and ethical considerations are some of the important points, which will focus on the Australian composition of the HRM Polices. Now we will conclude that what are the different kinds of challenges as well as what are the unlike issues which majority of the Australian organization faces irrespective of nature, as well as objectives of the industry, are highlighted in the following part of the study. Development of global market, managing the global working environment and managing the international assignments are the three essential points, which need to analyze in a defined manner. The part in this particular study is to develop the critical factors of sustainability in the process of the HRM policies of the organization. From my experience, survival is one of the key initiatives in every business plans and policies (Dessler 2013). Some of the key factors include meeting the needs of the customers, meeting the employee needs for a reasonable compensation of employment and the application of a proper balance scorecard approach are some of the key initiatives which majority of the organizations not in Australia, globally follows in the process of developing sustainability in the business operations. I feel that managing the HRM polices of the organization includes; Developing People and Rewarding people are the three essential points of the overview of the HRM practices. I feel that ethics contribute as one of the significant parts in every aspect of the business. Development and application of proper ethical conduct in every aspect of the firm will evaluate all the relevant activities in an appropriate manner by following all the rules and regulations in the desired manner. There are certain codes of ethics, which will enroll towards supporting article, which inform and guide the moral practice of HRM polices in the organization. The Code expresses the principles and tasks, which are integral to different kinds of HRM policies. It is intended to assist all the workers, cooperatively and independently, to act in a ethically accountable manner towards persisting the profession's aims. Strategic Human Resource Management Some of the major points, which will cover in this particular topic, are describing the difference between strategic formulation and strategic accomplishment, the list of the mechanism of the strategic management procedure, which will talk about the role of the HR functions in the formulations of the overall strategies of the organization (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). Identification of different challenges, as well as identification of the various kinds of issues which different groups irrespective of purpose of the business as well as the size of the business, faces in the overall proceedings. The notion of the strategic management will evaluate the process and an approach, which will address the competitive challenges of which an organization is facing in the overall proceedings and operations of the business. There are different kinds of strategies, which will conclude how different organization based on the nature of the as well as objectives evaluate the operations of the business. Cost, differentiation, and focus are some of the extraordinary measures, which will focus on porters generic strategies. On the other hand, defender, analyzer, prospector, and reactors are some of the key points, which will analyze miles and snows strategic process. From my experience, I would like to conclude that there are individual components of the strategic organization process, which will formulate the overall decision-making process of the organization. However, we can conclude that the progression of deciding on a strategic direction by defining the missions and visions of the organization in a pattern is the notion of accomplishing the organizational aims and objectives. Some of the key elements include scanning both the external environment as well as the internal circumstances of the organization, which implies the application of the SWOT Analysis (Ghillyer and Ghillyer 2012). With the use of the SWOT Analysis tool, the company will be able to evaluate all the major activities of the organizations by scanning both the internal environment as well the external environment. Planning is the primary step of any business firm, which mainly bridges the gap between the present and the future, similarity the implementation of planning us equ ally important (Halkias and Thurman 2012). In the case of strategic human resource management, the choice is the way an association will attempt to fulfill its missions and visions for its long terms goals and objectives. What I feel that the role of management policies is another crucial point, which needs to be analyzed in a proper manner in order to conclude the linkage between the HR policies and the strategic management process of the organization (Hayton 2011). From my experience, I feel that there is four points significant point, which will conclude the linkage between the HRM planning and policies and strategic planning. Administrative linkage, one-way linkage, two-way linkage and integrative linkage are the four crucial points in the overall policies. Now we will conclude the formulation part of the strategies. It is performed based on the external analysis and based on the internal analysis, which will focus towards determining the mission, goals and strategic choice of the organization. The structure of the organi zation contributes a significant portion of the implementation process. Strategies need to be implemented in such a manner, which will accomplish the overall goals and objectives (Lawler and Boudreau 2012). The choice of strategies, need of the human resource management and firms performance are the three major factors, which will focus the implementation process. Role behavior model is required in the organization of an individual performance of the group. The application of the role behavior varies on the numbers of dimensions and in additional, different role; responses are required by various strategies (Mondy and Mondy 2012). The implementation process of the directional strategies will evaluate the following measures, which includes certain parameters. Concentration strategies, internal growth strategy, external growth strategies and divestment and downsizing plans are some of the key parameters which majority of the company follows in the directional strategies. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the Strategic human HRM policies proactively provides a competitive advantage throughout the organizational procedure (Prescott and Rothwell 2012). However, the organizations need to formulate the strategies basis on the requirements of the organization. Recruitment and selection followed in organization Human resource management is one of the vital as well as one of the significant assets of the organization. However, in can be said that to select the right employees for the right job the application of developing a proper recruitment strategy is one of the best options. Any practice and activities of the organizations, which is carried out with the primary purpose of identifying and attracting potential employees. The overall recruitment strategies will aim towards selecting the right people for the organization (Robbins and Coulter 2012). Nevertheless, to implement proper recruitment strategies, different organization need to achieve different kinds of the plans and policies in the selection process. The decisions of the group will affect the practices and systems, which will influence the behaviors of the employees towards evaluating the performance of the team. There are certain characteristics which different group based on the purpose of the business needs to develop in the re cruitment strategies. From my experience in different Australian organization, the industrial background of the selected country is healthy, and it provides different kinds of job opportunities to various employees. The political condition of the country is very much stable as the government of the country supports it in an effective manner. It boosts the overall working condition of the country. To develop a proper selection process, determining the correct source is another important point for the development purpose of the recruitment strategies. There are individual recruitment source as well as recruitment strategies, which a different organization follows (Rothwell et al., 2012). There are certain classifications of the groups, which include IT, Banking, Retail, Basic resources, consumer goods and services, healthcare, oil and gas, technology, travel and tourism, utilities and telecommunication are some of the core business organizations in the country. The working and the operations of the financial sector will differ from the efficient functioning of the retail sector. On the other hand, the working activities of the telecommunication sector will change from the active operation of the travel and tourism industry. It is found that based on the requirements of the working operations the management of different companies from various kinds of industrial backgrounds needs to implement the recruitment strategies and recruitment sources. However, there are some basic sources, which majorities of the organization follows in the HRM management. Internal as well as external sources, right applicants and referrals, advertisement procedure, internet recruitment process and compassing are some of the key attributes which organizations based on the perspective of the business follows (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher 2012). On the other hand, the selection procedures over the organizational history are instrumental to its ability to survive, adapt and grow different functions based on the selection plans and procedures. Reliability, validity, utility and legality are the four Australian selection standards which different companies irrespective of its business follow the standards. The role of the employees contributes as one of the significant parts towards accomplishing the organization objectives. There are different responsibilities, which the manager needs to perform in the company (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). However, out of all the major responsibility selecting the right person for the right job and at the same point of time getting the work done by the employees is another important thing, which the managers of the organizations need to perform. Managing diversity and work-life balance Diversity management is one of the crucial parts in any organization. It is the process of managing peoples and similarities. It is a set of well-defined activities, which will recognize the different kinds of potential strengths for the organization. The process which management creates an environment, which will contribute a crucial part in the organizational aims and objectives, can be concluded as the managing diversity. There are certain expectations which different organization expects from the employees. From my experience, there are certain expectations, which a different employee expects from the group. Therefore, the combination of both the expectations will result in the process of diversity management in the company, which will automatically focus on the work-life balance. Some of the key parameters which individual organizations expects from the employees are to fulfill the organizational goals and objectives, which includes productivity, sales, quality and much more. Si milarly, on the other hand, there are certain expectations of the employees from the organization, which includes getting better working environment, proper pay system, job security and much more. However, I think different applications of diversity models in the overall managerial plans and procedures. Organizational values, mission, and visions of the company, desired culture, objectives results and similarities and difference between individuals are some of the keys as well as the common attribute, which different companies follows in the business operations. There is a need of similarities between the objectives as well as subjective components, which will specify the dimensions of the diversity (Wheelen and Hunger 2012). Nevertheless, it is one of the prime sources of maintaining a proper competitive advantage in the organization. The second part of the study will evaluate the work-life balance to evaluate employment opportunity and will earn sufficient income and at the same point of time managing the responsibilities of the personal life. There need to a balance between the employee's personal life and staff professional life (Wilton 2013). However, there are certain features towards maintaining a proper work-life balance program. Promoting a healthy working environment, this will encourage the employees to achieve work-life balance. It also recognizes the overall impact of the needs of both personal as well as professional life. The most important thing is the different employees will have different needs associated towards maintaining work-life balance. From my experience, in Australia, there is certain flexibility, which different organization follows in the overall organizational plans and procedures. Some of the significant benefits, which are provided by the organization to its employees, are highlighted in the following part of the study. Flexible working hours, part-time work option, job sharing, telecommunication and work from home, sick leave, employee assistance programs and relocation service are some of the key options, which the working culture of Australia provides to all its employees. From my research, work, the employees are benefited and get different job options, the company will be benefited in particular ways. On the other hand, if the enterprise, as well as the employee's, follows a proper work-life balance some of the important aspects are highlighted in the next part of the study. The most important thing it will improve the morale of the employees and job satisfaction (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). If th e morale of the employees is boosted, the organization will be benefited in certain ways and it will ensure in the smooth flow of works and services in different Australian companies. Conclusion The process of this particular reflective journal is to highlight the core process of the human resources management, which are followed in Australia. There are certain features, which will emphasize on the main factors of the Australian Human Resource Management. The report is classified into four parts, which includes human resource management in Australia, the application of the strategic human resources, which will be context of the legal framework followed in the human resource management. The third factor includes the use of selecting the best recruitment strategies among different kinds of the alternative process in Australia. The final point, which is reflected in the study managing the diversity in the workplace and towards maintaining a work-life balance in the operations of the human resource models and policies. All the necessary, as well as all the crucial point of the HRM, polices in different Australian organizations follows in policies. There are certain key strategies, which are considered in the process of the development of this particular reflective article. Some of the key points including sharing different experiences and clarity of the various kinds of organizational operations which majority of the Australian follows in the overall business process. Reference List Armstrong, M. (2012).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. London: Kogan Page. Baggini, J. (2012).Ethics. London: Quercus. Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. DeCenzo, D., Robbins, S. and Verhulst, S. (2013).Fundamentals of human resource management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Dessler, G. (2013).A framework for human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Dowling, P., Festing, M. and Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Ghillyer, A. and Ghillyer, A. (2012).Business ethics now. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill. Halkias, D. and Thurman, P. (2012).Entrepreneurship and sustainability. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Hayton, J. (2011).Global human resource management casebook. New York, NY: Routledge. Lawler, E. and Boudreau, J. (2012).Effective human resource management. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Business Books, an imprint of Stanford University Press. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Prescott, R. and Rothwell, W. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Pride, W., Hughes, R. and Kapoor, J. (2012).Business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Robbins, S. and Coulter, M. (2012).Management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Rothwell, W., Prescott, R., Lindholm, J., Yarrish, K., Zaballero, A. and Benscoter, G. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C. (2012).Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Werner, S., Schuler, R. and Jackson, S. (2012).Human resource management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Wheelen, T. and Hunger, J. (2012).Strategic management and business policy. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Wilton, N. (2013).An introduction to human resource management. London: SAGE.

Serial Killers Programmed To Kill Essays - Murder, Misconduct

Serial Killers: Programmed To Kill? Serial killers are one of the most fascinating and morbid groups of people to study. A serial killer as defined by Brian and Wilfred Gregg in The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers is someone who kills 3 or more people with sufficient time intervals between each known as a cooling off period. The style and motivation of the killings can vary greatly. I choose serial killers for this project because the idea of someone killing another human being on numerous occasions seemed so out there, so fringe, it just had to be studied. Listen to this letter from one of this centuries most infamous serial killers David Berkowitz (1976-1977) AKA Son of Sam. I am deeply hurt by your calling me a weman-hater. I am not. But I am a monster. I am the son of Sam. I am a little brat. When father Sam gets drunk he gets mean. He beats our family. Sometimes he ties me up to the back of the house. Other times he locks me in the garage. Sam loves to drink blood. Go out and kills commands father Sam. Behind our house some rest. Mostly young - raped and slaughtered - their blood drained - just bones now. Pap Sam keeps me locked in the attic too. I can't get out but I look out the attick window and watch the world go by. I feel like an outsider. I am on a different wavelength then everybody else - programmed to kill...... Mr. Borelli, sir, I don't want to kill any more. No sur, no more but I must, honour thy father. I want to make love to the world. I love people. I don't belong on earth. Return me to yahoos. To the people of Queens, I love you. And I want to wish all of you a happy Easter. May God bless you in this life and in the next. And for now I say goodbye and goodnight. Police: Let me haunt you with these words: I'll be back. I'll be back. To be interrpreted as - bang, bang, bang, bang - ugh. Yours in murder, Mr. Monster. This letter was found at the scene of one of his crimes. He went on to kill 5 more people, mostly in cars parked in lover's lanes. To view serial killers as a fringe group, you must first understand them as a group. To do this I will present some common traits of serial killers, followed by the classifications of male and female serial killers and specific examples of each. Once I have sufficiently grouped serial killers as a whole and then as smaller groups in that whole, I will explain what is being done to predict serial killers, who becomes a serial killer and why? There is no way to tell exactly how many serial killers there are active at any one time. Do to modern technology, particularly transportation, it is often hard to connect two seemingly separate murders. Most experts agree with Holmes and DeBurgers estimate of victims of serial murders at 3,500 to 5,000 per year. From this the estimated number of serial killers active today is 350, or 7 per state. This estimate is based on research that shows most serial killers murder between ten and twelve individuals, over several years. However, Peter Wortington, author of The Journalist and the Killer, states the infamous serial killer Ted Bundy could be responsible for as many as 100 murders. Who are they? Common Traits *Holmes and DeBurger, the author of Serial Murder, state that serial killers in general fit the description of a psychopath very well. The title, psychopath has been recently replaced by the phrase ASPD, anti-social personality disorder. *The inability to love, which is often considered to be the core of ASPD is especially evident in the serial killer. *The serial killer is unable to develop deep meaningful relationships and thus their care for people in general is greatly decreased. In short, the serial killer is lacking those traits which help us to get along with others. *Highly impulsive and aggressive behavior is another part of the serial killers psyche, and studies show that they require more thrills than normal people *Just like young children, they must constantly be in search of new entertainment. Comparing a serial killer to a young child, however, is not fair to the child. Young child may pull the legs off of

Favorite place Essay Example

Favorite place Essay Example Favorite place Essay Favorite place Essay I always loved the beach since I was a child. There is nothing like the fulfillment the beach brings with your toes in the sand, and nothing but the horizon in my perception. The sounds of the waves crashing, the smell of the salty atmosphere, and the relaxation you get from Gods beautiful creation. Throughout this essay I will get more into depth of why I have chosen the beach to be my favorite place to be. This essay will briefly describe my experiences, exposures, existences, and observations of my visits to the beach. The beach has always been my favorite place to go. Its a great getaway from everyday life. : The beach is a whole different world then where Im from in Tennessee. The smell of the air at the beach is so comforting and relaxing. Theres nothing like waking up every morning and smelling that salty water atmosphere on the ocean front property. I like to wake up early in the morning so I can catch that beautiful sunrise in the never-ending horizon with a nice cup of coffee in my hand. The beach is like a free spirited world. I have no worries in the world when Im at the beach. My mind is always put at ease when Im at the beach. There is no way you can wake up or be in a bad mood when youre there. While lying out on that white sand listening to the amazing sounds of Gods creation is so peaceful and relaxing. Staring out into the horizon, letting your mind start wondering how far the waters go, or where it ends. I like seeing people have a good time, so watching all the different people do their own thing while having a blast puts a smile on my face. I like to take walks down the beach, and being adventurous when Im there. Theres no better feeling then having the sand between your toes, and the water crashing onto shore, going over your feet. Night walks down the beach are very relaxing also.

How Long Does it Take to Become a Nurse

How Long Does it Take to Become a Nurse Jobs for nurses are predicted to grow by nearly 20 percent in the 10 year period between 2012 and 2022, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This is credited to a â€Å"perfect storm,† of factors, including the entrance of millions of new Americans into the healthcare system due to the Affordable Care Act and the aging of the Baby Boomer population resulting not only in more patients in need of care, but also in an exodus of retiring nurses. If you’re one of the many people considering field of nursing, here’s what you need to know about what it takes. Many Different Educational PathwaysThere are several types of nurses, each of which involves a different time commitment. For example, to become a certified nurse assistant (CNA), an Associate’s degree from a two-year community college program and the passing of a certification exam suffices. Registered nurses (RNs) require a four-year Bachelor’s degree along with licensure, while nurse p ractitioners (NPs) must meet the requirements of RNs and also undertake a Master’s degree in the field. Additionally, nurses looking to advance their careers or take on administrative and teaching roles may choose to pursue the Ph.D. in Nursing.In additional to traditional routes, accelerated and online programs offer more opportunities than ever for prospective nurses to get the education they need to enter the field.When choosing a nursing school, selecting one that is accredited is paramount. Not only will a degree from an accredited institution help you get a job, but it also ensures that your education meets the prescribed standards of excellence in the field.What to Expect in Nursing SchoolWhile there’s no universal nursing school curriculum, students enrolled in nursing programs can expect to take coursework in a broad range of topics, including biology, physiology, anatomy, pharmacology, psychology, chemistry, and nutrition.However, a nursing education is not s trictly procured in the classroom. The typical curriculum also includes a clinical portion in which students learn and practice skills in healthcare settings while interacting with patients and their families.The Cost of Nursing SchoolDepending on the school you attend and type of program, the cost of nursing school varies widely. For example, programs at community colleges and states schools will cost significantly less than at private institutions. According to Nursing360, the total cost for nursing school - including everything from tuition to supplies to state nursing license exams - can range between $5,000 and $40,000 per semester.Online nursing schools can also offer a reduced cost nursing education, particularly if you factor in funds saved on everything from commuting costs to living expenses. Nursing360 further estimates that the average semester cost of attending an online nursing school is approximately $7,500 per semester.While nursing school involves an investment of both time and money, there are also plenty of rewards. Not only does a career in nursing promise job security and an average salary of just under $70,000 for RNs and just over $95,000 for NPs, it also comes with something truly invaluable: the chance to make a difference in the lives of people in need.

How to Find, Capture, and Control the Most Lucrative Markets in Any Assignment

How to Find, Capture, and Control the Most Lucrative Markets in Any Business - Assignment Example In order to compete effectively, the business unit needs to adopt the strategy which motivates the customers to buy the product and use the service of this business unit.   For example, the product line can be very differentiated or innovative, the appealing marketing campaigns, the exclusivity of the service, and, of course, the price should be maintained lower than competitors.   Nevertheless, the lowering of price does not guarantee success on the market.   The monopolistic or perfectly competitive firms do not have to consider the price setting of the rivals but the oligopolistic or the monopolistically competitive firms do.  If the company is producing the unique good and no substitutes exist, and the other firms are prevented from participation in production by some barriers, such as patent rights, the market for this good becomes monopolistic. The perfectly competitive firm has an influence over the market price by deciding how much the good should cost – the pr oducer does not have to adjust the price of the good to the market price. Monopolistic firms are price seekers, not price takers (Lele 2005). Therefore, monopoly grants the right to control the market, even though the firms still have to find the optimum price for their product – the buyers can refuse to buy at the price they consider too high for the value they get.  The monopolistic business unit has the strategy of finding the level of output that maximizes the profits and minimizes the losses – the same for perfectly competitive firms. The most profitable level of production in monopoly is when marginal cost equals marginal revenue – in the case with perfectly competitive firms, the marginal cost should equal the average revenue (price). Monopolistic firms are profitable, but unlike competitive firms, the new firms are not attracted into the industry. If the market is competitive, the new entrants ensure the increase in output and, as a result, the fall in price. Monopolistic market structure blocks such entries and therefore the price remains at the most suitable for the firm level (Kreps 1990).

The prons and cons of using computer to work Essay

The prons and cons of using computer to work - Essay Example However, computer as a technology is faulted by the mere fact that the use is environmentally harmful adducing the waste produced by the continued use of the machines. Moreover, the use of computers has advanced from the past notion of the gadget being luxurious into a need that forces the world to rely constantly on their availability. The use of this gadget has increased the need to purchase the instrument since it gives the user more features that they make the individuals do a colossal amount of work in the fashion they need the machines to do the work. The fact that the computers do as the user commands gives the device an upper hand in the functional management of work, business among other uses. The computers have proven a daily use periphery, which has its own advantages (Wenglinsky, 2005). While using the computer might have its cons, the perquisites it comes with surpass the disadvantages that may be in the process of using one. The computer is a learning instrument in the society where the use has changed the classroom in terms of research and work in the modern schools. The use of the computers has reduced the use of paper work translating to the reduced amounts of paperwork in the classroom and staffrooms. In most cases, the work done on the machines is stored within giving better storage of the class work as compared to the old ways where the work done was very vulnerable to the natural laws (Richardson et al, 2005). Moreover, the convenience the work has seen in this technologically advancing world is another in favor of what manifests itself in the working system. The computer can connect the employee to the work required without the worker being there. This has improved the work travel performance making it wise to have to work from the point one is situated saving on the costs of travel (Cornick, 2006). Moreover, conference calls can be made on urgent clarifications connecting several business partn ers instead of them traveling and meeting at a central point. The use of computers has made possible to the business people acting as the central point of communication easing up the business processes. In contrast to the disadvantage involved is the idea of impersonation that can happen with the advanced technology in the market giving the use of these convenient a risk attached to the speedy connection and business transaction (Saunders, 2000). People can impersonate others and perform fraudulent acts to business parties without the parties noticing in an instant. The old way so sealing deals did not allow the fraudulent episodes that were unprecedented since the people would meet physically. However, the uses old techniques are do not guarantee safety since they had moments where the drifts would still happen. This means the presence of the schemes will never end as long as money is involved. The use of computers poses a lot of possibilities and advantages. However, to obtain the se one needs to purchase the gadget first to obtain these privileges. The ownership of these convenience costs one to give money to obtain the required software and hardware to enable the required functioning of the computer system (Richardson et al, 2005). For any person who needs better performance from the computers, the need comes with the costs to upgrade to the level they need to reach with the computers. This con is hidden and often no one seems to articulate its presence. Either way, the purchase of a computer may be expensive initially but when the gadget starts to deliver its duties the returns are more than the amount spent on the purchase making it more viable to implement the use rather than avoid because

Healthcare Management Essay Example for Free

Healthcare Management Essay Executive Summary There are over 850,000 physicians practicing in the United States today, covering every imaginable specialty and sub-specialty (Young, Chaudhry, Rhyne, Dugan, 2011). According to the World Health Organization (2000), even though our country spends more money per capita than any other country in the world, the USA ranks 37 out of the top 191 countries in the world in terms of overall health system performance. Although there are many reasons for this poor performance, several experts cite the lack of emphasis on primary care and true preventative medicine in the US (The Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System, 2011). This is a proposal to create a community ambulatory health center in a suburban community that would provide the setting for training family medicine residents. The establishment of such a center would allow a hospital to provide better primary care services to the uninsured and underinsured patients in its community. It may also help reduce unnecessary emergency room visits as well as hospital readmissions by providing quality care to these patients. A training program would also improve the hospital’s ability to recruit and retain actively admitting primary care physicians. The proposal discusses the process for choosing the center’s location, funding models, administrative structures, as well as staffing and architectural requirements. Strategy of Service Lines and Location As mentioned in the executive summary, it is well known that many communities in the US could benefit from increased access to primary care services (Commonwealth Fund Commission, 2011). Even within suburban communities that may appear seemingly affluent, there are often significant socioeconomically challenged populations. The parent hospital would have to conduct a SWOT analysis, to identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Longest Darr, 2008). In this case, the presence of a family medicine residency program is a great strength, both in clinical and economic ways. Family medicine residents (and their faculty) are well versed in current, best standards of care. Graduate medical education often provides significant revenue streams, as described below. Up to four residents can work under the supervision of a single faculty  physician; often the number of patients seen in a residency clinic far exceeds that of a private office. Weaknesses include the presence of other residency clinics in the region, as well as difficulties recruiting quality residents to a new training program that has no established reputation. It can also be difficult to recruit and retain skilled and motivated faculty physicians for progams, as the compensation for such academic positions is often less than that of purely clinical posts. Threats to this proposal include changes in GME funding (external environment) and the possibility of the residency program losing its accreditation (internal and external environment). In scanning the external environment of the organization, it is possible to identify specific geographic locations that have significant numbers of uninsured/underinsured patients (but still within the hospitals catchment area). It would also have to be convenient to public transportation, such as bus stops, subway stations, or railroad stations. Analysis of the various economic, political, demographic, and regulatory sectors would also identify the best time and location to create such a clinic. Significant forecasting would also have to confirm that the current external environment would not change in a way that would significantly worsen the chances for the clinics success. The creation of this new community health center would fall under the hospitals directional strategy, as most hospitals mission and vision statements include caring for the needy in their communities (Longest Darr, 2008). Management and Personnel Structure Being a hospital-owned facility, a hospital administrator would be the senior manager / liaison; this would most likely be the Vice President for Ambulatory Affairs or Chief Medical Officer. The organization itself would have two chief administrators reporting to the hospital liaison; an Administrative Director (who would be the middle manager responsible for the overall management and vision of the center) and a Medical Director (who would be responsible for clinical activities, supervision, and initiatives). The Medical Director might well be the hospitals department Chair of Family Medicine. The family medicine residency program would require a full-time physician serving as both Director of Medical Education and residency Program Director. The residency itself would have 24 residents.  In order to maintain an appropriate ratio of preceptors to trainees, there would need to be at least 4 full-time faculty attending physicians (American Osteopathic Association, 2011) An office supervisor (first-level manager) would be responsible for the day-to-day operations in the front (reception) and back (finance) portions of the office. In the front office, the practice would need 3 receptionists who would register patients upon their arrival and answer telephone calls. They would also verify patients insurance status. The back office would require 2 coders who would be responsible for verifying correct coding for practice visits, submit claims, and process payments from both patients and third-party payors. Another clerical staff member would be needed to process pre-authorizations and referrals (both incoming and outgoing). Finally, a charting person would be needed (even in an electronic medical record-equipped practice) to accommodate incoming paper / faxed documents. The middle (clinical) part of the office, would require 2 medical assistants who would be responsible for bringing patients from the waiting room into the appropriate area (exam room, laboratory, or procedure room) and triage them (taking and recording vital signs, documenting the chief complaint, and verifying medications and allergies). A registered nurse and licensed practical nurse would be needed to administer vaccinations and medications. Finally, a phlebotomist / lab assistant would be needed to perform venipuncture’s, prepare specimens, and perform CLIA-waived tests. The registered nurse would also serve as the Clinical Supervisor (first-level manager) for the clinical support staff. Funding Model Medicare is the primary formal financier of graduate medical education programs, contributing 72 percent of all tax-financed support. Other federal payors include Medicaid (11 percent), the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (10 percent), the U.S. Department of Defense (3 percent), and the Bureau of Health Professions (3 percent) (Young Coffman, 1998). A teaching hospital will receive direct medical education (DME) payments cover the cost of resident and faculty stipends and benefits, and overhead costs that are directly related to the teaching programs, such as ambulatory  office space. Hospitals also receive funding for indirect medical education (IME) costs because teaching hospitals have more complex case mixes, more uninsured patients, and provided services that were costly but not necessarily well reimbursed, such as trauma centers and transplants units (Cymet Chow, 2011). These payments are, on average, total $100,000 per resident per year. However, over the last 20 years, the federal government has either frozen GME funding or in some cases, reduced it significantly (especially under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997) (Phillips, et al., 2004). Currently, the family medicine residents in this proposal do result in a net gain for the hospital. With an average salary of $45,000 plus $20,000 in benefits, the hospital stands to net $35,000 per resident. For a program of 24 residents (8 in each year), the hospital would have a net income of $840,000 from Medicare GME funding. Each of the faculty physicians would have their own clinical practice (about 0.25 FTE), so they would bill Medicare and third-party payors for their services. They would have a productivity plan whereby each month they would receive 25% of their revenue after fulfilling their monthly salary/benefit costs. Physical Characteristics / Layout of the Facility Because of the educational nature of the practice (i.e. a residency teaching clinic), the physical layout of the facility has specific needs. In the front portion of the office, the waiting room needs to have ample seating to allow for extended wait times associated with teaching clinics. The waiting room would also have to be child-friendly, with easily disinfected toys (i.e. no stuffed animals). Because many potential patients will have to apply for Medicaid or hospital-based charity programs, it would be ideal to have an office (or at least a kiosk) where a financial coordinator could meet with patients in a private area. Since this would be a multi-specialty practice with dozens of residents and attending physicians, there would need to be a large number of exam rooms, perhaps 18, all with exam tables equipped with stirrups to accommodate pelvic exams, Pap smears, and STD testing. There would also need to be a large procedure room to accommodate the need for various gynecological (colposcopy, endometrial biopsy, IUD placement/removal, etc.) and other types of procedures (suturing, biopsies. etc.). The center would also have a spacious area dedicated to residents for  charting and research, as well as two precepting rooms where clinical cases can be discussed with faculty physicians. There would be a conference room equipped with a computer and LCD projector for presentations and discussions. Numerous computer workstations throughout the clinic would allow access to an electronic medical records system. One exam room could be equipped for videotaping that is used (with the patient’s permission) to observe residents as they demonstrate the core competencies while providing patient care. The center would need a laboratory for the collection and processing of blood and other specimens. In order to avoid the same stringent regulations and testing associate with a hospital or reference laboratory, the center would only perform CLIA-waived tests such as finger-stick blood glucose testing, throat cultures, and urine dipstick analysis (CDC and CMS, 2006). The building would al so ideally have offices for each of the faculty attending physicians, as well as for administrative and support staff. Clinical Practice As mentioned previously, this community health center would offer multiple specialties. The main service would be primary care. Family medicine residents, under the supervision of faculty preceptors, would provide general internal medical, pediatric, obstetric (pre- and post-natal), and gynecologic care to patients of all ages. Additionally, other specialty physicians would be available for special clinics: obstetrics (perinatal) and advanced gynecology twice a week, dermatology once a week, and general surgery, gastroenterology, pulmonology, cardiology, and urology once a month. These specialty services are essential in serving the needs of the target population: uninsured and underinsured (i.e. Medicaid) patients who are unable to see these specialists in private practice. Credentialing The Chair of Family Medicine is responsible for maintaining records of each attending physicians credentials. These would include a New York State Medical License (with updated registration), DEA registration (to prescribe controlled substances), copies of medical school and residency diplomas, proof of board certification (and maintenance), records of continuing  medical education, and CPR/Advanced Cardiac Life Support training cards. The Director of Medical Education / Residency Program Director is responsible for maintaining records for each resident physician such as their medical school diplomas/transcripts, licensing examination transcripts, ACLS training, and signed residency contracts. Local zoning and legal concerns Consideration must be given as to the choice of commercial property for this ambulatory health center. The ideal location would be a pre-existing medical office building that has already been zoned for a medical practice, and has the required number of parking spaces (especially handicapped) and adequate access in and out of the building. A multi-level building must have elevators that are compliant with ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) regulations. In County, a Certificate of Need must be granted before a new healthcare facility can be built. There are also village and town zoning ordinances that must be considered when modifying or creating a medical office building . The center would fall under the jurisdiction of the same regulatory bodies as that of its parent hospital, and would be setup as a not-for-profit organization, since a significant portion of its care would be uncompensated.

Online Communities :: Internet Technology Computers Papers

Online Communities The Internet...the most exciting, mysterious and phenomenal form of communication to date. It allows people to enter a world where they can explore far off places they would not dare to venture into in the tangible world. It gives people the opportunity to communicate with other human beings from all over the world using nothing but a keyboard. It is an information highway, a place where research can be gathered on any topic capable of entering into the imagination. My exposure to the world of Cyberspace began six years ago when I entered college at California State University, Chico. I obtained a school-based e-mail account. In addition to writing to friends at other colleges, I was able to chat with other people on campus using a "talk" command. Throughout my two-year experience at Chico, I never ventured far out of the school-based e-mail system and never once went surfing on the "net." It wasn’t until I transferred to California State University, Northridge that I began my exploration of the Internet. Since I was commuting from home where I had a computer with no modem, it was at the school library where I did my e-mail. It was on these library computers that I became familiar with the Internet. I was now exposed to a whole new aspect of being online. I began using the Internet to research topics for both papers and recreation. In fact, when I moved back home and started going to CSUN, I became very involved in swing dancing. I wanted to know the "where, when and how" of the swing dancing scene in Los Angeles. The Internet became my source of information. I became part of an online community of swing dancers. I joined a forum where people gathered to post announcements and talk about nothing more than swing dancing. The Internet provided me the opportunity to get hooked into the dancing community via an online community. After the first couple of years at CSUN, upon my graduation in Deaf Studies, I obtained a personal computer with a modem and signed up for America Online. I was now able to have both e-mail and access to the Internet from the comfort of my own home. And now, for the last two years, I have been using this AOL account almost exclusively for e-mail. I never use the Internet unless absolutely necessary and find myself getting impatient and agitated when I can’t find what I am looking for or when I come to a screen saying "Page Not Found.

Audience Reactions and Attitudes to Much Ado About Nothing Essay

In â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† Shakespeare captures many of the social standards in Elizabethan society whether they are fair or not. In Act 2 Scene 2 of the play, Don John plots to frame Hero and make it look like she has been unfaithful to her fiancà ©e the night before they are due to marry. This then sparks outrage from the male characters, which in turn shows a male bias in their society. The way Hero’s father takes a mans word over hers shows how strong trust and respect was for men compared to that shown towards women. Even though this play was written in a time when England was ruled by a woman (Queen Elizabeth) society was still dominated by men. Even Queen Elizabeth said she had the stomach of a man, implying that men are tougher than women purely because they are of a different gender. This left women with two roles in society; they were seen as prostitutes to be bought or wives to be owned. On top of this, women were also used as scapegoats for the faults of the world, this idea spawns from the beginning of time and Eve eating the apple and having mankind banished from the garden of Eden. This attitude is similar to the opinion of the Nazis towards the Jews, blaming the Jews for all the bad and evil in the world. At the start of act 4 scene 1, the arranged marriage between Claudio and Hero is about to take place, Claudio, Don Pedro and Don Pedro think that Hero has been unfaithful and is no longer a virgin. However, they have been misled and the other characters are not yet aware of their feelings. As Claudio turns down Hero at the altar and lets everyone know, men’s attitudes towards women become clear. The first person to speak on the subject is Claudio, he turns to Leonato and says â€Å"Give me this maid your Daughter?† He is making a statement because as far as he knows Hero is not a â€Å"Maid† (virgin), he is challenging Leonato because he has been given Hero like a gift but she is not what he expected. This quote is also interesting because is shows us that women are seen as possessions of their fathers. Claudio has to ask for permission from her father to â€Å"give† Hero to him, almost like a present. This would spark a  reaction with a modern day audience as women are now seen as equals and independent in society. However, in Elizabethan times this is what they were used to so they would probably not give it a second thought. Claudio then refers to Hero as â€Å"a rich and precious gift,† this confirms what I have already said that women were seen as possessions to be given to people. Claudio then goes on to say, â€Å"Give not this rotten orange to your friend.† He is using the orange as a metaphor for Hero, a rotten orange can appear fine until you peel it or taste it and see what is inside. He is saying that Hero appeared to be an innocent virgin but now he has seen that maybe that isn’t true. He is saying she is â€Å"spoilt goods.† However, this quote also shows us that Claudio is putting part of the responsibility of Hero’s actions onto Leonato, he is saying that Leonato should not have given a woman who isn’t a virgin to him. Because Leonato gave Hero to Claudio like a gift he is now responsible for any mishaps she may have with Claudio. This really shows how women were thought of as objects, that a woman could be compared to an orange, which is amongst the lowest forms of living things. I think this would have an impact on a modern audience as they would be more sensitive towards sexist treatment of women, and women being treated as objects. Claudio then uses Dian and Venus to show what he thinks of Hero. He says that Hero â€Å"seemed† like Dian, Dian was a true virgin so he is using this imagery to show that he feels Hero deceived his as being a virgin. He then uses Venus the adulteress as the other extreme, saying that Hero is more intemperate than Venus. These two extremes give us a scale on which to picture Hero he has given us the best (Dian) and the worst (Venus), he has then left us thinking that Hero is at the worst end of the scale with Venus. Claudio later says, â€Å"like a maid she blushes there,† he is saying she is deceitful, pretending to be a virgin when she isn’t. I think this would be effective both modern and Elizabethan audiences because of the frustration it makes an audience feel. The â€Å"dramatic irony† would be especially popular with an Elizabethan audience as it was a popular form of humour at the time and common in Shakespeare’s comedies. The audience really feel Hero’s frustration because they know that she is innocent and have to watch on helplessly as Claudio makes a huge mistake because the audience know more than his character does. One of the first real comments on the situation by Leonato is, â€Å"Hath no man’s dagger here a point for me?† This really shows the shame Leonato feels that his own daughter has done such a thing; it also shows how he feels it is all about him. He is not worried about his daughter but by how she has affected him, she has damaged his honour and pride, these things would have been very important in Elizabethan times and not something you can get back as easily as you can lose. This shows the importance in Elizabethan England of the family name and how you can be judged by your name. It also shows the responsibility Leonato has for giving his â€Å"wanton† daughter to Claudio, he wants to kill himself due to the shame and guilt she he has brought upon himself because of his daughter. Leonato next says, â€Å"death is the fairest cover for her shame,† he feels that she has brought such shame upon herself that it would be fair for her to die for it. This woul d have a large impact upon an audience, for them to hear a father saying his daughter should die before he even hears her side of the story or even before he really finds out what has happened. It is especially effective because the audience knows that she is innocent and the fact that she is being told she should die for her crime leads the audience to think that there is no justice. However, an Elizabethan audience may sympathise with Leonato as they would be likely to react in a similar way if it happened to them, as this play is a real reflection of Elizabethan society it would have happened therefore his situation would be very real to them. Leonato then has a long speech in which he seems to no longer love his daughter, where shortly before the wedding he could not have been happier for her. This really shows the strength of opinions on pre-marital sex and adultery in Elizabethan times. Probably one of the most shocking and effective statements made by Leonato in his speech is, â€Å"Myself would on the reward of reproaches strike at thy life.† If it was not shock enough to an audience to hear Leonato say he it was fair for his daughter to die, he is now saying that he is willing to kill her himself. Especially in modern times it is almost unthinkable for a mentally sane father to threaten his daughter with death when he cannot be 100% sure that she is guilty of what is a unthinkable crime. This shows us two things,  firstly it shows yet again how strong views were on adultery, but it also shows us how strong a man’s word was against a woman’s in Elizabethan England. Leonato is threatening to kill his daughter purely on the word of a few men who he does not know that well, he wont believe his daughter who he has raised and known all her life. It is like he has just switched of all his love and trust for his daughter, this shows that he values his respect and honour more than he values her. Friar Francis is interesting in this scene because as a vicar he is maybe expected to speak the side of the church, which we would expect to be very against what Hero has allegedly done. However, Friar Francis plays the middle man in the way that he does not condone what she has supposed to have done. But he sees that she may not be guilty of the accusations so he defends her when almost nobody else will. This may be to represent the church as a voice of reason and as a comfort in times of trouble, the belief that if she has done wrong then God will right it himself. The first thing Friar Francis says during the accusations is â€Å"have comfort lady,† the audience will be relieved that someone is seeing reason and will possibly warm to the character of the Friar. However, they might be slightly shocked to see this comfort coming from a man of the church as it does say in the bible â€Å"thou shalt not commit adultery.† After everyone has said what they think about Hero , Friar Francis interrupts with â€Å"hear me a little.† The effect of this is almost like a hero coming to the rescue, he has seen that Hero is defenceless and he now steps in to reason with everyone and protect her. He refers to her â€Å"maiden truth,† this shows us that he really has faith in her as a person while everyone else takes the word of the princes. By â€Å"maiden truth† he is saying that she is telling the truth when she says she is a virgin, this is interesting from an audience perspective because they would expect these words to come from her father. Friar Francis then makes a plan to save Hero’s dignity. He decides that they should pretend that she died with shock or shame and then Claudio would feel guilty and love her more than when she was alive. They can then reveal that she is still alive and they can happily marry again. At this point it becomes clear why Friar Francis has to be the one to save Hero, it is because he is a trusted man in society and seen as a respectable figure of the church. This puts him in a  position to advise people as Benedick says after the Friar’s speech, â€Å"Signior Leonato, let the Friar advise you.† It works as they all agree with his idea and the Friar has saved Hero from shame making himself almost the true Hero of the play. When you analyse Hero’s self defence and appeal of innocence it becomes less surprising that she was thought to be guilty and that the mans words were taken over hers. Her defence is weak and spoken with little passion or convincing tone, she says very little to her defence except that she is guilty but cannot prove it or offer any alternative solution to how the mistake came about. She says, â€Å"O God defend me,† this shows how helpless she is that she is calling upon God to help her because she cannot help herself. This may make an audience angry because she is so weak, especially in a modern audience where women are seen as stronger and more independent. Women were seen as the weaker gender in Elizabethan society but with Hero’s terrible defence and cry to God for help, she is causing herself to be treated weak because she is acting in that way. I think that audiences would also be amazed at the happy ending to the play when Hero appears to accept the mistakes that were made and forgive for the insults they made without a second thought. This really shows how weak she is and how she is expected to react as a female. An audience would be expecting her to make some kind of speech at the end along the lines of â€Å"I told you so† or something on the way she was appallingly treated by most of the men. However, she says nothing and is happily married to Claudio forgetting about anything that was previously said. I feel this would shock an audience because it gives the message that you can treat women like that and get away with it because they are in no position to argue back. An Elizabethan audience may expect her to be submissive because it is what they are used to, however, a modern audience would be disappointed in the message she is giving. They would be especially disappointed because they have seen Beatrice act strongly and independently against the stereotype placed on women, this makes Hero look even worse because if Beatrice has managed to be strong then there is no reason why Hero cant do the same. I found that what was most shocking in this play was not how the Hero was treated, but how she was representing women and just took all the mislead abuse without any kind of defence or anger. What I found interesting about this play is how it appears to have different appeals for a modern audience and an Elizabethan audience. I felt that a modern audience would be very sympathetic on Hero’s side but also slightly angry at her lack of defence and self respect. They would also feel shocked by the male characters and their treatment of Hero as a woman. However, an Elizabethan audience would sympathise with Hero because she is innocent but they would not be shocked by her lack of defence as that is what they would expect in their society. Similarly, they would sympathise with Leonato and the men where we would be angry, this is because they would be used to a similar reaction in their lives if a woman was thought to have been unfaithful. They would understand the shame Leonato feels in the play. This shows how amazingly Shakespeare can cross not just generation but centuries, his plays are made to entertain a wide range of people with different beliefs and social or religious views. I believe that it is because of this that Shakespeare is seen as one of the greatest playwrights of all time.

The Job Description of A Budgeting Manager

One of the most important functions that budgeting accounts for is the planning function1. We will be arguing for the importance of the planning function in the overall budgeting activity and will be arguing for the many ways the budgeting planning function is coordinating with the company's strategic planning. First of all, the planning function in terms of budgeting refers to the planning activities that the company, starting with the financial department, needs to (1) determine what the company's long-term strategy is, (2) determine what projects bring most added value to the company and (3) determine what priority these projects should have. Let's refer to each of these steps in part and determine how they impact the budgeting strategy of a company. The long-term strategy for a company is essential in determining the overall objective of a company. For the long run, this may be increasing the volume of sales or increasing the market share or promoting the company's image. In any case, these differ in terms of the projects they will imply and the ways they will be affecting the budgeting strategy. For example, increasing sales will perhaps only include increasing spending on advertising and the promotion budget, while promoting the company's image may include costly promotion campaigns that will have a significant impact on the company's budgeting management. The second issue is a project portfolio management issue. The economic theory tells us that the resources are always limited, while the needs are not. Applied in this particular case, this means that we are always likely to have a greater number of projects we will wish to perform than the financial resources the company will have at a certain point. This is where the selection issue, corroborated with the budgeting strategy comes in the game. The top management, working with the financial department, will need to establish which are the projects that bring highest added-value to the company and spend the company's budget on those alone. The selection phase can only come hand in hand with a proper planning of the budgeting activity. On one hand, we have the projects the company wishes to perform, on the other, we have the budgeting restrictions. In terms of budgeting planning, the company and the top management needs to ensure that projects deriving from the current selection will also have sources of financing. An example will properly elucidate this perspective. We will simply take a software project. In the beginning, the primordial activities refer to selecting the working team and creating a project on which work will be done (following the customer's requirements). On the other hand, while the initial part of the project is strictly related to the programming stage, one mustn't ignore the fact that, after the project is completed, a tester also needs to be hired in order to test the project's performances. This means that the initial budgeting scheme will need to be created so as to include several other subsequent factors, factors that are likely to appear at a certain time in the future. Finally, the third phase of the selection phase, correlated with the budgeting procedures, involves deciding on the projects' priority. This is basically an issue of deciding which of the projects bring added value to the company and to the company's activities. This means that planning your budgeting policy also needs to consider the future plans in the company. If the company will want to develop different areas into the future, then the budgeting campaign needs to be designed so as to cover any future needs of the company. This is practically what the planning function in terms of budgeting refers to. The argumentation we have previously presented practically comes forth so as to demonstrate the close connection existing between budgeting and budget planning and the company's overall planning strategies. Indeed, the budgeting policies serve to help the company fulfill its long-term plans and projects, as well as short-termed ones. In this sense, the company planning strategy needs to be fully correlated with the budgeting planning, otherwise there will be no financial support for those plans. Among the management functions we already know about we can also include the budgeting function because, in my opinion, all the others cannot properly function without it. You cannot have a successful planning or organizing within a company without correlating these with the budgeting function, in order to obtain the realistic backup of any project. Budgeting and planning go, in this sense, hand in hand, and you cannot really have one without the other in the company.

Essay Sample on Ancient Athenian Politics and Its Effects on Ancient Greek Civilization

Essay Sample on Ancient Athenian Politics and Its Effects on Ancient Greek Civilization Current essay deals with important and at the same time very problematic issue of ancient Athenian politics and its effect on the stability of Ancient Greek Civilization. There is no denying the importance of the fact that Ancient society produced the dominant patterns of modern politics and democratic rule in the first place. Athenian democracy was one of the main factors that created the patterns of polity, politics, law and society in Ancient World and strongly influenced political traditions of Ancient Greece. Athenian democracy was a historical formation which developed in close link with other existing forms of governance such as tyranny, oligopoly etc. prevailing in Sparta and other Greek city-states (Hasebroek). Besides this as this essay will try to show Athenian democracy and political mechanism existed in difficult conditions of permanent assault of tyranny waves as in the case of 30 tyranny and Pissistratus rule. Furthermore, one should remember that external threats to Athenian society and its intrinsically aristocratic nature were those factors which significantly hindered the development of genuine democracy and made it unstable and non-inclusive. Athens was a leading city-state which formed larger Ancient Greek civilization and engaged in external political relations with other states such as Persia, Sparta, Egypt etc. Hence, deep difference between Athenian internal and external politics were in place and it makes necessary to examine these controversies in detail. Athenian politics are to be analyzed historically by integrating culture, traditions, and main events in the wider fabric of analysis. As a result we hope to produce genuine research addressing the role of Athenian politics and Athenian democracy in shaping the contours of Ancient Greek Civilization and affecting political stability in this particular region. Ancient Greece and the formation of Athenian politics The formation of Athenian political system and the mechanism of internal and external politics were deeply affected by two opposite trends which were characteristic of Ancient Greece civilization: the opposition between democracy and tyranny (Stanton). The social structure of Athenian society was very complex and differentiated which created significant instability affecting Athenian and other city-states politics. Therefore the problems of stability/instability should be discussed through the prism of Athens state formation, its political ties with other city-states and civilizations. But before analyzing these issues it is necessary to outline the basic developments in Athenian political and social realms which resulted in the creation of classic Athenian society. There is no denying the importance of the fact that dominant position of Athenian state in Greek politics affected relatively independent development of Athenian civilization which was characterized by permanent struggle between tyranny and democracy. Opposition between aristocratic clans represented by rich strategists, rich people and statesmen and demos was particularly bitter contributing to the instability not only in Athenian society but also in other Greek city-states (Kaloudis 239). As Plato’s dialogue Euthydem suggests Athenian aristocracy was among the most aggressive elements in Athenian society whose lust for power and wealth pushed them to wage wars and conquer other states and peoples (Plato 123-156). These aristocratic wars were one of the main factors of instability in Ancient Greece but notwithstanding this fact they should be regarded as a crucial element of Ancient Greece stabilization under the reign of Athenian state. Here, as Wood claims we have a dialect ical unity of stability and instability in Ancient Greece which are not to be analyzed separately (Wood 145). The formation of Athenian democracy was not a linear process but it followed several important stages connected with the policies of Solon, Cleisthenes and Ephialtes who one of the greatest Athenian politicians (Hignett). During Solon times before his reforms Athenian state was controlled by tyrannoi (tyrants), the representatives of noble people who fought for power against each other and neglected the interests of ordinary people. Theagenes in Megara for instance usurped power on behalf of Ionian minority and Cleisthenes the Athenian noblemen tried to seize the power in 632BC but failed (Stanton 67). Before Solon the political relations in Athenian society were controlled by aristocratic organ Areopagus which was formed on the basis of nobility, social status and wealth. It chose nine archons who ruled the country on its behalf. There was no way for archons to be hold accountable for their actions, hence using Aristotle classification this model of governance can be described as oligopoly (Barnes). Solon thus tried to redress situation and pursued constitutional reforms seeking to install stable system of aristocratic democracy (Hignett). Solon created the Council of Four Hundred which significantly enhanced the political representation of lower class people in Athenian society. He divided society in four distinct groups depending on the level of their social status and ascribed different political and social rights to them. Solon released all Athenians citizens who were enslaved and provided them with some civil and political rights. Besides this Solon placed the order on political practices and procedures and introduced economic legislation which provided premises for transformation of Athens into one of the leading city-states and becoming Ancient Greece hegemony along with Sparta and Corinth. It goes without saying that Solon’s reforms were directed by large on combating sectarian rivalries among aristocracy which hindered the effective development of Athenian state. Hence it may be claimed that stabilization though temporal was important in terms of Athens enhancing their political positions visvis other Ancient Greece states (Ober and Hendrick 45). The democratic consolidation continued with Ephialtes weakening of Areopagus powers by putting its influential leaders to trial. His political reforms created preconditions for considerable limitation of Aristocratic power in Athens. For instance, Areopagus before Ephialtes had authorities to process crime trials without jury but new reforms allowed citizens to be represented in jury and influence its decisions through the mechanism of voting and discussion (Stanton). These democratic achievements considerably affected political and social relations within Athenian society and spread far beyond the territory of Athenian states. These reforms became the triggers of mass upheavals and clashes between aristocracy and demos in other city-states such as Sparta (where helots fought against repressive tyranny) and Corinth (Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan, and Tolbert). All these once again prove the fact that the political situation in Athenian society affected other political units of Ancient Greece and this was even without any significant channels of communication that we have nowadays (Hasebroek). Though these reforms were cancelled by thirty tyrants they resulted in a significant political progress and formation of Athenian political and Ancient Greece political culture. Pericles rule is very important since he introduced some important political innovations which significantly affected the stability of Athenian democracy. Under his rule the aristocratic privileges were sufficiently reduced through the reform of citizen status. He prohibited aristocracy from making marriages outside Athens if they wanted to stay Athenian citizens. This move was designed to equalize the political status of all Athenian citizens. Besides this one of his most important innovations was paying members of jury for the time spent performing civil responsibilities. This also helped encourage more people to engage in the judicial system of Athens. Pericles was a proponent of populist policy by defending political and social rights of poor classes. Pericles started his political career with allowing poor people to watch theatrical performances (Hignett 145-167). Later he abolished discriminative laws prohibiting low-income citizens from taking public office positions and considerably widened the scope of humble people privileges. There is no denying the importance of the fact that these decisions were politically motivated by Athenian external politics. As Samons notes, Pericles connected widening democratic rights of demos with Athenian political dominance in Ancient Greece since he regarded demos as a crucial element of Athens military strength (for instance Athenian fleet was formed from low-class people) (156). Hence, these democratic reforms shouldnt be regarded as a one-folded phenomenon. In contrast political developments in Athenian society were deeply connected with Athens political ambitions of controlling all Ancient Greece and even projecting its dominance to other nations. The motivation of low-class people was one of the main factors contributing to forming well-equipped army which took part in Greece-Persia and Peloponnesian wars. To sum it up, political development of Athens influenced much the development of Ancient Greece and its stabilization under Athens rule. Through political and economic instruments such as trade and commerce Athens projected their political and cultural patterns to other city-states and formed different alliances that served their political interests. Later as the current essay will show the deterioration of Athenian democracy and losing its military strength will result in entire Ancient Greece destabilization and its successive demise as a constellation of independent states. Political system of Athens perished with the invasion of Macedonians in 322 BC. Problems of Athenian democracy as the source of political instability Political developments within Athens were often affected by situation in Ancient Greece. The failures of Athenian democracy such as the rule of 30 tyrants should be regarded as a consequence of Peloponnesian war between Sparta and Athens which increased political weight of Athenian aristocracy using difficult political conditions to neglect democratic rights of ordinary people. The aristocratic group named 400 hundred usurped power in 411 BC and considerably reduced the size of electorate and introduced property census on the franchise (Hasebroek). These representatives of aristocracy claimed that democracy is ruining for Athenian political preeminence in Athenian world since only aristocracy has sufficient knowledge and skills to take necessary and reasonable decisions. The absence of meritocracy was regarded as the main cause of the Athens power decline but in fact this aristocratic discourse was nothing else than the desire to reassert the power of nobility (Ober). Further deter ioration of Athenian democracy continued even after it was reinstalled. Furthermore, there is no denying the importance of the fact that Athenian democracy was aristocratic in essence though some major democratic reforms were made by Solon and Pericles (Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan, and Tolbert 67). It is connected with Athenian imperial status in Ancient Greece which prohibited low-class citizens from participating in ‘big politics’. Elites controlled political agenda being dominant in decision-making on economy, strategic matters and distribution of imperial wealth. Besides this they dominated numerically in legislative organs and judicial system. Athenian democracy was considerably flawed in terms of peoples representation. Only adult Athenian men were eligible in participating in political matters and had a right to vote (Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan, and Tolbert 57). Thereby the majority of Athenian population was excluded from the political process. Those excluded were children, metics (resident foreigners), slaves, and those who didnâ€⠄¢t possess enough money to pay debts to the Athenian state. To sum it up it should be said that Athenian democracy was considerably flawed from the start and its further deterioration was connected with reducing regional stability as a result of wars between Greek cities and other states. Athens political positions in Ancient Greece and its implications for stability The dominance of Athens and other influential city states such as Sparta, Thebes and Corinth were important consolidation and stabilization factor in the development of Ancient Greece civilization and was destabilizing at the same time. Athens united many small tribes, cities and villages under its rule making them more safe visvis Persian and other invaders. This dominance resulted in a creation of strong, centralized state which projected military strength to defend the borders of other allied Ancient Greek city-states which in its turn rose the influence of Athens among them and alien cultures. Besides this the political dominance of Athens was one of the main reasons for the flourishing economy and trade in Ancient Greece since Athens required various goods for the development which in its turn stimulated the economic development of other Greek city-states (Powell 56-78). Among the basic sources of instability in Ancient Greece connected with Athens were their permanent rivalry with Sparta which was a dual militaristic monarchy controlled by landed aristocracy. It dominated other cities of Peloponnesus. In 510 Spartan troops took active part in overthrowing Athenian king and installing their own oligarchs which became one of the triggers of further Ancient Greece instability resulting in Peloponnesian wars between Sparta and Greece (Powell). Political influence of Athens was exerted through the Delian League which in fact constituted Athenian empire (a number of satellite states serving Athenians interests). The growth of domination in this League after the end of Greco-Persian war resulted in worsening political relations with Sparta and entire Peloponnesian League which finally led to Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC). This war resulted in greater instability and the growth of authoritarian trends in Athenian society. Its naval supremacy was challenged by Sparta and it faced up with the threat of bankruptcy as its trade relations with the outside world were halted. As a result of Sparta’s ultimatum Athens have lost all their overseas territories and fleet. The decline of Athenian power led to the invasion of Macedonians which installed there rule in Balkans. The dispossessions of Athens resulted in recession of its economy, agriculture and state infrastructure. Moreover, Athens lost all their overseas possessions which was particularly destructive if we remember that Athens were an imperial state. Finally, with the decline of Athens came the end of Ancient Greece political status as it was invaded by Romans in 145BC. Conclusion Current essay showed that Athens political system was an important factor in its longstanding preeminence in Ancient Greece. It transformed this region into the centre of military, cultural and economic development. But the relations among city-states were very difficult which caused permanent wars and instability used by alien states as a precondition for conquering Ancient Greece. Hence, it may be said that historical logic of this period shows that Athens were an important factor in Greek politics and their decline resulted in the demise of Ancient Greece civilization.